Hutan atau Emas?

Catatan Farid Gaban
(Jurnalis Senior)

Di Waesano, Flores, saya bertemu petani yang tidak biasa. Namanya Yosef Erwin.

Untuk kepentingan proyek geotermal pemerintah, Yosef diminta pergi dari lahannya dan akan dikasih “ganti untung”. Tawarannya cukup bagus, ratusan juta rupiah.

<span;>Tapi, Yosep tidak segera menerimanya. Dia merenung dan coba menghitung-hitung. Kebun miliknya berisi banyak pohon: ada kemiri, cengkeh, durian serta buah lainnya.

“Pohon-pohon itu masih akan berbuah sampai anak cucu saya,” katanya. “Coba saja hitung hasilnya selama puluhan tahun ke depan.”

Dan itu baru sebagian saja. Menurut Yosef, apa saja yang tumbuh di bawah pohon juga ada nilainya. “Rumput bisa untuk ngasih makan kambing dan sapi,” katanya.

Lalu, kata dia, ada juga tanaman rempah seperti jahe dan aneka jenis jamur yang  tumbuh ketika penghujan. “Bisa dimakan atau untuk obat.”

“Lahan saya ini, dan semua tanaman di dalamnya, tak ternilai,” kata Yosef. “Tapi, kalau mau diuangkan, harganya Rp 26 milyar lebih, bukan cuma ratusan juta rupiah.”

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Mematok harga seperti itu sebenarnya cara Yosef menolak melepaskan lahan.

Penganut Katolik taat, orang Flores percaya bahwa tanah adalah titipan leluhur yang tidak layak diperjualbelikan. Lebih dari itu, keragaman hayati tanaman adalah kekayaan tak ternilai.

Saya bertemu petani dengan pandangan serupa di Desa Wadas, Jawa Tengah. Pak Marsono namanya.

Lahan pertanian Desa Wadas sedang digusur untuk tambang andesit guna membangun Waduk Bener, proyek strategis nasional Pemerintahan Jokowi.

Marsono menolak tawaran ganti rugi. “Kami sudah sangat bahagia dengan apa yang kami punya. Desa ini sangat subur dan sumber air melimpah,” katanya.

“Uang semilyar atau dua milyar rupiah akan segera habis,” kata Marsono. “Sementara kebun saya akan bisa menghasilkan hingga anak-cucu.”

Marsono belajar dari cerita sedih petani Bojonegoro, Jawa Timur, yang menghabiskan uang ganti rugi penggusuran milyaran rupiah hanya dalam satu-dua tahun lalu gigit jari setelahnya.

Bu Sutinah, petani lain di Wadas, bicara hal yang sama. “Saya bekerja dan bertani untuk anak cucu, bukan untuk pemerintah.”

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Sutinah salah satu perempuan yang sempat  dipukul polisi dan mendekam dalam tahanan karena demonstrasi menolak tambang andesit.

Di sebuah tebing tepi jalan Desa Wadas tertempel banner besar bergambar Kiai Hasyim Asyari, pendiri Nahdlatul Ulama, dengan kutipannya yang terkenal: “Petani Penolong Negeri”.

Wadas desa yang subur. Ada durian, kelapa, aren, cengkeh, dan kapulaga. Pepohonan itu juga manfaat lain yang tak ternilai: melindungi desa dari banjir dan longsor.

Di Trenggalek, Jawa Timur, saya bertemu petani dan nelayan yang menolak tambang emas di wilayahnya. Mereka tak peduli itu merupakan konsesi tambang emas terbesar di Pulau Jawa. Mereka kuatir tambang emas akan merusak hutan dan limbahnya mencemari laut; memperkosa alam dan penghidupan warga sekaligus.

Petani dan nelayan Trenggalek dibela oleh komunitas-komunitas lintas profesi dan agama, termasuk pengurus lokal dua ormas besar Nahdlatul Ulama dan Muhammadiyah.

Di Teluk Pancer, Banyuwangi, Jawa Timur, nelayan Pak Ahmad merasa sudah tidak bisa lagi menyelamatkan Bukit Tumpang Pitu. Bukit bekas hutan lindung itu sudah dikeruk hampir habis untuk diambil emasnya. Limbah tambang merusak ekosistem teluk yang menghilangkan ikan-ikan tangkapan.

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Bersama-sama nelayan dan petani lain, Ahmad kini menentang perusahaan tambang menjarah bukit yang lain, Bukit Salakan, tak jauh dari situ. “Kami siap mati untuk itu,” katanya.

Di Wadas, Trenggalek, Banyuwangi, maupun Waesano, ada warga-warga desa yang sederhana tapi benar-benar paham bagaimana alam dan keragaman hayati bekerja.

Keragaman hayati lebih berharga dari andesit atau bahkan emas yang hanya memperkaya segelintir orang dan membuat rusak kehidupan banyak orang.

Tapi, energi petani dan nelayan itu terpecah. Tak hanya melawan rencana pemerintah, mereka dihadapkan pada konflik antar warga yang kadang bisa berdarah.

Pro dan kontra penambangan telah memecah kekerabatan dan keluarga: anak bertengkar dengan orangtua, kakak beradik berselisih paham, permusuhan antar-tetangga.

Aktivitas tambang yang dipaksakan pemerintah mencabik-cabik harmoni sosial di daerah-daerah itu.

“Pemerintah ini bukan mengamalkan Pancasila, tapi justru ngremuk (menghancurkan) Pancasila,” kata Marsono. (*)

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