Membersihkan Penumpang Gelap Kemerdekaan Pers

Catatan Imam Wahyudi
(Ahli Pers Dewan Pers dan Anggota Dewan Pers 2013-2016 dan 2016-2019)

TANGGAL 23 September 2022. Tepat 23 tahun diberlakukannya Undang Undang Nomor 40 tahun 1999 tentang Pers. UU yang disetujui DPR hanya 15 hari sejak draft RUU-nya diserahkan pemerintah ke DPR ini menjadi tonggak kemerdekaan Indonesia.

Bukan hanya karena UU ini mengakui dan menjamin kemerdekaan pers sebagai bagian dari hak asasi manusia, meniadakan rezim perizinan serta melarang sensor dan pembredelan, tetapi juga karena UU ini menutup peluang pemerintah untuk campur tangan mengatur pers. Regulasi di bidang pers dilakukan sendiri oleh pers melalui Dewan Pers dan organisasi-organisasi pers (swa regulasi).

Pasal 15 ayat (2) huruf f menyatakan salah satu fungsi Dewan Pers adalah memfasilitasi penyusunan peraturan-peraturan di bidang pers. Ketentuan yang menjamin swa regulasi ini, bersama pasal 15 ayat (5) sempat dimohonkan uji materi ke Mahkamah Konstitusi oleh 3 orang wartawan. Namun, Dalam keputusan yang dibacakan akhir Agustus lalu, Majelis hakim Mahkamah Konstitusi, menolak permohonan untuk seluruhnya.

Para Penumpang Gelap

Kemerdekaan pers yang dijamin UU Nomor 40/1999 bukan cek kosong yang bisa digunakan semaunya. Konsideran dan penjelasan UU ini memuat pesan bahwa kemerdekaan pers diperlukan agar pers nasional sebagai wahana komunikas massa, penyebar informasi dan pembentuk opini dapat menjalankan asas, fungsi, hak, kewajiban dan peranannya secara profesional.

Pentingnya kemerdekaan pers yang profesional ini juga ditegaskan dalam laporan Ketua Komisi I, Aisyah Aminy, kepada Sidang Paripurna DPR 13 September 1999 untuk pengambilan keputusan mengenai RUU Pers, 13 September 1999. Menteri Penerangan Yunus Yosfiah, dalam pidatonsambutan atas disahkannya RUU Pers menjadi UU Pers juga menegaskan hal yang sama (Center, 2007, pp. 1223–1230).

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Namun, perjalanan waktu menunjukkan, kemerdekaan pers bukan hanya dimanfaatkan oleh pers profesional yang menjalankan kegiatan jurnalistik sesuai azas, kewajiban, fungsi dan peranan pers serta kode etik jurnalistik sebagaimana diperintahkan Undang Undang Pers.

Kemerdekaan pers, juga dimanfaatkan oleh para penumpang gelap yang menggunakan status kewartawanan dan pemberitaaan untuk memeras, mengintimidasi dan pembunuhan karakter.

Sabam Leo Batubara, Wakil Ketua Dewan Pers 2007-2010 yang mendedikasikan waktunya untuk menangani pengaduan kasus kasus terkait pemberitaan hingga akhit hayatnya, menyebut mereka sebagai media dan wartawan “abal-abal”

Keberadaan dan sepak terjang media/wartawan “abal-abal” adalah salah satu ancaman riil kemerdekaan pers. Pada tahun 2018, Ketua Dewan Pers Yosep Adi Prasetyo memperkirakan, jumlah media di Indonesia mencapai 47.000. Sekitar 92% adalah media siber dan sebagian besar di antaranya abal-abal.

Para penumpang gelap gerbong kemerdekaan pers ini bisa berkembang dan bersimaharajalela karena beberapa faktor.

Pertama, kurangnya literasi media. Masih banyak anggota masyarakat, bahkan pejabat pemerintah dan aparat yang belum bisa membedakan mana media/wartawan profesional dan mana yang abal-abal.

Kedua, perilaku koruptif. Media abal-abal sering memanfaatkan berita indikasi dan tuduhan korupsi sebagai alat pemerasan. Pelaku korupsi menjadi sasaran empuk karena mereka tidak ingin kejahatannya terungkap.

Ketiga, kepentingan pencitraan (semu) kinerja. Eksposure keberhasilan melalui media masih laku untuk digunakan sebagai alat unjuk prestasi atau menatik perhatian atasan atau pejabat di level atas.

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Dengan memanfaatkan kekurangtahuan atasan atau pejabat tentang media profesional dan tidak profesional, banyak oknum-oknum pejabat di tingkat kabupaten atau provinsi yang memberi angin atau bahkan memfasilitasi media/wartawan abal-abal, karena mereka mudah didikte, diarahkan dan bahkan diperintahkan untuk memberitakan atau tidak memberitakan sesuatu.

Peran Dewan Pers

Swa regulasi pers adalah swa regulasi profesi yang dijamin atas dasar kepercayaan bahwa profesi pers mampu mengatur dirinya sendiri demi tercapainya asas, tujuan, fungsi dan peranan profesi.

Dewan Pers adalah pengampu utama swa regulasi pers. Selain memfasilitasi pembuatan regulasi, Dewan Pers juga diamanahkan untuk menjalankan fungsi pengawasan penerapan Kode Etik Jurnalistik, penyelesaian kasus pengaduan terkait pemberitaan dan pendataan perusahaan pers.

Mereka juga mengemban fungsi melakukan pengkajian untuk pengembangan kehidupan pers dan mengembangkan komunikasi antara pers, masyarakat dan pemerintah. Fungsi-fungsi tersebut, diharapkan mampu menjadikan Dewan Pers sebagai penjaga kemerdekaan pers yang efektif.

Untuk mempermudah masyarakat dalam membedakan media profesional dan tidak profesional, penyempurnaan proses pendataan yang saat ini digencarkan Dewan Pers bisa menjadi salah satu jawaban.

Proses verifikasi dengan memberikan perhatian lebih kepada aspek konten di samping aspek administratif, bisa menapis masuknya media abal-abal ke data perusahaan pers.

Media abal-abal bisa dengan mudah memenuhi persyaratan administrasi seperti badan hukum pers. Namun mereka kesulitan dan nyaris tidak mungkin memenuhi persyaratan konten yang sesuai dengan standar jurnalistik dan Kode Etik Jurnalistik.

Media bisa bertambah setiap hari sehingga ada kemungkinan media yang sesungguhnya memenuhi syarat sebagai media pers belum terdata dalam data perusahaan pers Dewan Pers karena belum diverifikasi.

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Ketika media yang belum terdata diadukan atau dilaporkan ke penegak hukum, penyidik akan meminta penilaian Dewan Pers. Dalam kasus seperti ini, ketegasan dan kelugasan Dewan Pers untuk memberikan penilaian “bukan pers” jika yang ditangani penyidik adalah media abal-abal sangat membantu, kendati mereka harus menghadapi risiko didemo, dituduh mengkriminalkan “pers” atau bahkan digugat ke PTUN.

Dalam penanganan pengaduan, ketika kasus pemberitaan yang diadukan mengindikasikan adanya unsur pemerasan atau indikasi itikad buruk, konsistensi Dewan Pers untuk merekomendasikan agar pelanggaran semacam itu diproses dengan mekanisme lain di luar yang diatur dalam UU Pers, juga akan berkontribusi pada pembersihan gerbong kemerdekaan pers dari para penumpang gelap.

Peran Masyarakat

Upaya-upaya tersebut harus didukung dengan langkah-langkah lain. Aparat penegak hukum, mesti konsisten mendorong kasus-kasus terkait pemberitaan yang dilaporkan ke mereka untuk diselesaikan di Dewan Pers, jika Dewan Pers memberikan penilaian bahwa media yang diadukan adalah media pers.

Sebaliknya, mereka juga tidak perlu ragu untuk memproses pelaku kejahatan dengan menyalahgunakan status kewartawanan atau ancaman pemberitaan, sekalipun mereka mengklaim sebagai media/wartawan.

Pemerintah daerah juga perlu lebih selektif dalam mengalokasikan anggaran promosinya. Dana negara tersebut mesti dialokasikan sesuai dengan tujuan promosi dan diseminasi informasi. Bukan sekedar bagi rata dan membungkam media abal-abal yang gemar menggertak dan menebar tuduhan yang seringkali tidak didasarkan fakta terverifikasi. (*)

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