Mullah Nasruddin Hoja, Kisah Membalik Nalar

Oleh: Ady Amar

“Sufisme hanya dapat dipahami melalui pola pemikirannya sendiri.” — Idries Shah.

Tidak ada catatan utuh atau kitab yang menuliskan khusus biografi Nasruddin, sehingga kita tidak dapat mengenali lebih detail tentangnya dengan baik, terutama pergulatan spiritualnya. Ayahnya bernama Abdullah Hoja, seorang imam dan pemuka agama.

Sebuah temuan manuskrip the Subtleties of the Incomparable Mulla Nasrudin, sedikit banyak menguak keberadaan tokoh satu ini. Sehingga perdebatan apakah Nasruddin itu tokoh fiktif atau tidak, terbantahkan. (The Sufis, Idries Shah, edisi Anchor Books, 1971, Garden City, New York).

Lahir di desa Khortu, masuk wilayah Anatolia Tengah, Turki. Tidak diketahui persis tanggal kelahirannya, namun berbagai sumber memperkirakan pada awal abad ke-13 Masehi. Namun setelahnya, Nasruddin tinggal di Konya hingga meninggalnya. Konya saat itu sebagai ibukota Kesultanan Rum Seljuk.

Nasruddin biasa juga dipanggil Nasruddin Hoja, atau orang biasa menyebutnya dengan memakai panggilan kehormatan Mullah Nasruddin Hoja. Mullah yang ditambahkan di depan namanya, itu bermakna Guru.

Dia disebut sebagai murid dari Sufi Sayyid Mahmud Hayremi. Karenanya, karya dari kisah-kisah yang dibuatnya sarat akan makna sufistik, tidak semata lahiriah.

Mullah Nasruddin dikenal sebagai Sufi satirikal, filsuf dan orang bijak. Terkenal akan kisah-kisahnya, dan anekdot-anekdot lucu, atau biasa disebut dengan Humor Sufi.

Mullah Nasruddin, sebagaimana pengakuannya, dan itu bisa dilihat dari karya-karyanya bahwa dia memandang diri sendiri secara terbalik. Itu juga dikuatkan para peneliti tentangnya, seolah kisah-kisah karyanya menertawakan diri sendiri, konyol, tapi penuh hikmah dan sarat pelajaran hidup. Itu tidak ubahnya kalimat hikmah dari al-Ghazali yang juga penuh hikmah kebajikan.

Entah berapa ratus bahkan ribu kisah yang dihasilkannya, ada yang pendek tapi juga ada yang panjang. Tidak dapat dipastikan apakah semua kisah-kisah itu karyanya. Bisa jadi tidak semua karyanya, tapi sebagian karya itu dinisbatkan padanya.

Jika kita amati beberapa saja kisah Nasruddin secara utuh, maka kita temukan sebuah pendekatan skolastik. Itu merupakan hal yang lumrah dalam ajaran Sufi.

Macam Pola Kisah dalam Karyanya

Mullah Nasruddin dalam berkisah sering menggunakan teknik yang biasa digunakan para darwis, memaknai diri sendiri sebagai korban, dan orang lain bahkan makhluk lain digambarkan sebaliknya, itu untuk membantu menjelaskan suatu kebenaran yang ingin diungkap.

Sebuah kisah populer darinya, coba disarikan untuk melihat pola-pola yang digunakan dalam karya-karyanya. Semisal, dia mencoba menyangkal kepercayaan sederhana terhadap hukum sebab-akibat. Di sini Mullah Nasruddin menampilkan diri sebagai korban:

Suatu hari Nasruddin tengah berjalan di sebuah gang, dan pada saat bersamaan seseorang jatuh dari atap rumahnya dan menimpa tubuhnya. Orang yang terjatuh itu sama sekali tidak terluka, tapi justru Nasruddin yang harus dibopong ke rumah sakit.

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“Ajaran apakah yang bisa dipetik dari peristiwa itu, Mullah?” tanya salah satu murid yang membezuknya.

“Hindari rasa percaya pada kepastian, atau sesuatu yang tak dapat dihindari, meskipun hukum sebab-akibat tampak tidak dapat ditolak! Sebaiknya ajukan saja pertanyaan-pertanyaan teoretis semisal, ‘Jika seseorang jatuh dari atap, apakah lehernya akan patah? Yang jatuh dari atap tidak masalah, tetapi justru leherku yang patah’!”

Mullah Nasruddin dalam kisah-kisahnya pula, dalam berbagai cara yang dimungkinkan tampak mengaduk-aduk pemikiran konvensional.

Pada suatu kesempatan seorang tetangga menemukan Nasruddin tengah jongkok dan kepalanya melenggak-lenggok melihat ke sana ke mari, seolah ada yang dicarinya.

“Apa yang hilang, Mullah?”

“Kunciku,” jawab Nasruddin.

Setelah beberapa saat mencari dan kunci itu tidak ditemukan, “Di mana Anda menjatuhkannya?”

“Di rumah.”

“Astaga, lantas mengapa Anda mencarinya di luar rumah?”

“Sebab di sini lebih banyak cahaya.”

Kisah di atas berjudul “Mencari Kunci yang Hilang”, salah satu kisah dari Nasruddin yang paling populer.

Pola lain yang dipakai Nasruddin dalam berkisah adalah sikap lebih pada tidak ingin mempermalukan orang lain. Ini lebih pada pengertian yang bersandar pada apa yang Allah berikan dan lalu mengambilnya kembali. Pembaca lagi-lagi diajak melihat absurditas diri seolah memberi kesempatan pembaca untuk setidaknya tersenyum, sambil dipersilakan menyebutnya bodoh.

Suatu hari Nasruddin ke pasar ingin berbelanja untuk keperluan sepekan. Ternyata yang dibeli cukup banyak, sehingga keranjang yang dibawanya nyaris tidak cukup menampungnya. Dia tak kuat mengangkatnya, dan lalu minta kuli pengangkut yang biasa mengangkut belanjaan orang yang perlu dibantu, tentu dengan imbalan yang wajar.

Nasruddin berjalan di depan mendahului kuli angkut itu, dan sesampai di depan rumahnya, dia melihat ke belakang ternyata kuli angkut itu kabur membawa belanjaannya. Nasruddin merasa biasa saja, seperti tidak terjadi apa-apa.

Sepekan kemudian, dia balik lagi untuk belanja keperluan sepekan, sampai di pasar seorang sahabat yang tahu kejadian sepekan lalu memberitahukan keberadaan kuli angkut itu. Bukannya Nasruddin menangkapnya, tetapi justru dia sembunyi di sebuah lapak agar tidak terlihat kuli itu.

“Kenapa justru engkau sembunyi?” tanya sahabatnya itu.

“Aku takut jika harus membayar berapa barang-barangku yang dibopongnya selama sepekan.”

Pola lain yang dipakai dalam kisah berikutnya, acap mengajarkan sikap pasrah dan ikhlas, tapi tetap menampilkan absurditas menggelikan. Nasruddin memposisikan diri “bodoh” dibanding pembaca kisahnya.

Suatu hari dia membeli lidah sapi di pasar, yang ingin dimasaknya di rumah. Di tengah perjalanan, dia jumpa seorang kawan yang menanyakan apa yang dibawanya.

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“Lidah sapi,” jawabnya.

“Bagaimana cara Anda memasaknya?”

“Ya, dengan cara seadanya,” jawab Nasruddin.

“Bagaimana kalau aku yang memasakkannya?”

“Oh, tidak perlu. Tuliskan saja resepnya agar aku dapat memasaknya sendiri.”

Dituliskannya resep itu. Senanglah hati Nasruddin, karena sesampai di rumah dia akan memasaknya sesuai resep yang telah didapatnya. Tiba-tiba belum sampai rumah, seekor burung gagak terbang rendah menyambar bungkusan lidah sapi itu. Nasruddin kaget sejenak, sambil melihat burung itu terbang meninggi.

“Hai, burung… Percuma engkau bawa itu, resep untuk memasaknya ada padaku,” teriak Nasruddin, sambil dia pamerkan kertas resep itu ke udara.

Pola lainnya: suatu waktu Mullah Nasruddin tampil sebagai bagian dari jiwa/akal budi yang selalu menolak, tampak sebagai pribadi pelit yang tak sepantasnya. Di sini dia mengajarkan, bahwa sikap tidak mau direpotkan, itu disampaikan dalam kisah yang dibangun dengan tidak biasa.

Seorang tetangga datang untuk meminjam tali jemuran.

“Maaf, aku tak dapat meminjamkannya. Aku tengah mengeringkan bubuk gandum di atas tali jemuran itu.”

“Bagaimana engkau bisa mengeringkan bubuk gandum itu di atas tali jemuran?”

“Hal ini tidak sesulit yang Anda kira, jika Anda tidak ingin meminjamkannya.”

Dalam pola kisah lain: Mullah Nasruddin mengajarkan pemahaman, kebaikan dan keburukan–ketakutan dan keberanian, haruslah berdasar dan sesuai dengan kemampuan yang ada. Itu bisa dirasakan oleh individu yang menggunakan nalar dengan baik, hingga dia sampai pada pemahaman ruhaniah. Mullah Nasruddin menggambarkan itu lewat kisah “Berburu”.

Seorang raja yang suka pada Nasruddin, mengajaknya berburu beruang. Nasruddin merasa ketakutan, tapi tak mungkin menolaknya.

Ketika pulang dari berburu, orang di desanya menanyakan, “Bagaimana hasil berburunya?”

“Luar biasa,” jawab Nasruddin.

“Berapa ekor beruang yang didapatnya?”

“Tidak seekor pun.”

“Lantas, bagaimana bisa dikesankan luar biasa?”

“Jika engkau berburu beruang, dan jika engkau adalah aku, tidak melihat satu beruang pun merupakan pengalaman luar biasa.”

Bisa dikatakan bahwa Mullah Nasruddin berada dalam dimensi ekstra dalam wujud, yang bekerja secara paralel dengan kognisi yang seolah lebih lemah dari manusia kebanyakan. Dia manyatakan dalam kisah menawan lewat pernyataan mengagumkan.

“Aku bisa melihat dalam gelap,” ucap Nasruddin.

“Hal itu mungkin saja, Mullah. Tetapi jika benar demikian, mengapa engkau terkadang membawa lentera di malam hari?”

“Untuk mencegah agar orang lain tidak menabrakku.”

Tentu banyak lagi pola kisah beragam yang dibangun Mullah Nasruddin dengan pola terbalik, sebagaimana pengakuannya, dia memandang diri secara terbalik. Itu bisa dimaknai apa-apa yang dinisbatkan pada dirinya bertolak belakang dengan kepribadiannya.

Membicarakan Mullah Nasruddin rasanya tak lengkap jika tak menyinggung keledai, binatang kesayangan yang sehari-hari bersamanya.

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Suatu hari tetangga sebelah rumahnya datang menemui Nasruddin dengan maksud meminjam keledainya. Nasruddin kenal persis tabiat tetangga itu, yang bersikap tak sabaran dan berperilaku keras. Tak ingin Nasruddin meminjamkan, takut keledainya disakiti.

Nasruddin mengatakan bahwa keledainya sedang dipinjam orang lain dan belum dikembalikan, tolak Nasruddin secara halus. Langkah tetangga itu belum meninggalkan pekarangan rumah Nasruddin, terdengar suara keledai di belakang rumah.

“Kau bilang keledaimu dipinjam orang lain, tapi itu suara apa?”

“Kau lebih percaya pada suara keledai, atau pada orang tua yang sudah beruban ini.”

Tetangga itu pulang dengan perasaan dongkol.

Beberapa hari kemudian tetangga itu datang lagi dengan maksud yang sama, meminjam keledai. Nasruddin tak langsung menjawab, tapi minta waktu untuk mau menunggu sejenak, lalu Nasruddin masuk ke rumahnya.

Tidak lama dia kembali menemui orang tadi, sambil berkata, “Aku telah menemui keledaiku, menyampaikan hasratmu. Tapi dia menolak dengan mengatakan, ‘Aku sebenarnya ingin membantunya, hanya saja aku tidak suka dengan ucapan cacian dan kadang memukulku’.”

“Sejak kapan keledai bisa bicara, dan punya pikiran seperti layaknya manusia?” sergah tetangga itu.

“Itu kenyataannya, Tuan. Begitu banyak keledai bisa bicara, bahkan bermusyawarah dan terkadang mengemukakan pendapat.”

Kisah Nasruddin bersama keledainya, tergolong kisah yang cukup banyak: dari “Nasruddin Mengajarkan Keledai Membaca”, “Nasruddin Kehilangan Keledai”, dan masih banyak kisah berkenaan dengan keledai.

Terkadang kita temukan karya Mullah Nasruddin berupa aforisme (ungkapan pendek), semisal: “Orang-orang menjual burung beo karena harganya mahal. Mereka tidak pernah berhasrat memperbandingkan harga jual seekor burung beo yang berpikir.”

Makam Nasruddin

Mullah Nasruddin Hoja wafat pada usia sekitar 80 tahunan. Dimakamkan di Aksehir, Konya. Makamnya disangga enam pilar dengan kubah kecil di atasnya. Terdapat tulisan “Di Sini Dimakamkan Nasruddin, Meninggal pada Tahun 386”. Yang benar Nasruddin meninggal pada tahun 683 Hijriah (sekitar 1284-1285 Masehi).

Sengaja tahun wafatnya dibalik, yang mestinya 683 ditulis 386, sebagai penghormatan pada sang Sufi yang selalu memakai pola pikir terbalik, dan tentu dihadirkan sebagai lelucon.

Tidak itu saja, ada lagi lelucon yang dihadirkan di makamnya itu. Pada pintu masuk menuju kubah makam, di antara dua pilar penyangga, terdapat sebuah pintu gerbang terbuat dari besi dan digembok. Amat kokoh. Seolah tidak sembarangan orang boleh memasukinya.

Tapi pada kelima sisi makam yang lain, justru sama sekali tidak diberi pagar, seolah boleh dimasuki bahkan oleh keledai sekalipun. Di pemakamannya pun orang masih disuguhkan rasa humor, khas sang penghuni makam, Mullah Nasruddin Hoja.*

*Ady Amar, penikmat dan pemerhati buku, tinggal di Surabaya.

Sumber: ngopibareng.id

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